Fermium

Fermium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Fm and atomic number 100. It is an actinide and the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities, although pure fermium metal has not yet been prepared. A total of 20 isotopes are known, with 257Fm being the longest-lived with a half-life of 100.5 days.

Fermium, 100Fm
Fermium
Pronunciation/ˈfɜːrmiəm/ (FUR-mee-əm)
Mass number[257]
Fermium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Er

Fm

(Upq)
einsteiniumfermium → mendelevium
Atomic number (Z)100
Groupf-block groups (no number)
Periodperiod 7
Block  f-block
Electron configuration[Rn] 5f12 7s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid (predicted)
Melting point1800 K (1500 °C, 2800 °F) (predicted)
Density (near r.t.)9.7(1) g/cm3 (predicted)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states+2, +3
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.3
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 629 kJ/mol
Other properties
Natural occurrencesynthetic
Crystal structure face-centered cubic (fcc)

(predicted)
CAS Number7440-72-4
History
Namingafter Enrico Fermi
DiscoveryLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1953)
Isotopes of fermium
Main isotopes Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
252Fm synth 25.39 h SF
α 248Cf
253Fm synth 3 d ε 253Es
α 249Cf
255Fm synth 20.07 h SF
α 251Cf
257Fm synth 100.5 d α 253Cf
SF

It was discovered in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Enrico Fermi, one of the pioneers of nuclear physics. Its chemistry is typical for the late actinides, with a preponderance of the +3 oxidation state but also an accessible +2 oxidation state. Owing to the small amounts of produced fermium and all of its isotopes having relatively short half-lives, there are currently no uses for it outside basic scientific research.

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