Chinese Soviet Republic
The Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR) was a state within China, proclaimed on 7 November 1931 by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders Mao Zedong and Zhu De in the early stages of the Chinese Civil War. The discontiguous territories of the CSR included 18 provinces and 4 counties under the communists' control. The CSR's government was located in its largest component territory, the Jiangxi Soviet. Due to the importance of the Jiangxi Soviet in the CSR's early history, the name "Jiangxi Soviet" is sometimes used to refer to the CSR as a whole. Other component territories of the CSR included the Northeastern Jiangxi, Hunan-Jiangxi, Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi, Hunan-Western Hubei, Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou, Eyuwan, Shaanxi-Gansu, Sichuan-Shanxi, and Haifeng-Lufeng Soviets.
Chinese Soviet Republic 中華蘇維埃共和國 | |||||||||||
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| 1931–1937 | |||||||||||
Flag (1934–1937)
Emblem
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| Motto: "Proletariats and oppressed peoples of the world, unite!" | |||||||||||
| Anthem: "The Internationale" | |||||||||||
Map of the various soviets comprising the Chinese Soviet Republic and the route of the Long March | |||||||||||
| Capital |
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| Largest city | Ruijin | ||||||||||
| Government | Unitary Leninist one-party soviet socialist republic under a provisional government | ||||||||||
| Chairman of the Central Executive Committee | |||||||||||
• 1931–1937 | Mao Zedong | ||||||||||
| Chairman of the Central Revolutionary Military Committee | |||||||||||
• 1931–1937 | Zhu De | ||||||||||
| Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars | |||||||||||
• 1931–1934 | Mao Zedong | ||||||||||
• 1934–1937 | Zhang Wentian | ||||||||||
| Legislature | National Congress of the Chinese Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||||
• Independence proclaimed from the Republic of China | 7 November 1931 | ||||||||||
• Start of the Long March | 7 October 1934 | ||||||||||
| 10 November 1934 | |||||||||||
• Arrival at Shanxi | 22 October 1935 | ||||||||||
• Disintegration of the Soviet Republic | 22 September 1937 | ||||||||||
| Currency | Chinese Soviet yuan | ||||||||||
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| Today part of | China ∟ Anhui ∟ Fujian ∟ Gansu ∟ Guangdong ∟ Henan ∟ Hubei ∟ Hunan ∟ Inner Mongolia ∟ Jiangxi ∟ Ningxia ∟ Shaanxi ∟ Sichuan ∟ Zhejiang | ||||||||||
| Chinese Soviet Republic | |||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 中華蘇維埃共和國 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中华苏维埃共和国 | ||||||||||
| Postal | Chunghwa Suwei'ai Kunghokuo | ||||||||||
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| Part of a series on the |
| Chinese Communist Revolution |
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| Outline of the Chinese Civil War |
| Communism portal |
Mao Zedong was both CSR state chairman and prime minister; he led the state and its government. Mao's tenure as head of a "small state within a state" gave him experience in Mobile Warfare and peasant organization; this experience helped him accomplish the Communist reunification of China during the late 1940s.
The Encirclement Campaigns launched by the Kuomintang in 1934 forced the CCP to abandon most of the soviets in southern China. The CCP (including the leadership of the CSR) embarked on the Long March from southern China to the Yan'an Soviet, where a rump CSR continued to exist. A complex series of events in 1936 culminated in the Xi'an Incident, in which Chiang Kai-shek was kidnapped and forced to negotiate with the CCP. The CCP offered to abolish the CSR and put the Chinese Red Army under (nominal) Kuomintang command in exchange for autonomy and an alliance against Japan. These negotiations were successful, and eventually led to the creation of the Second United Front. The CSR was officially dissolved on 22 September 1937 and the Yan'an Soviet was officially reconstituted as the Shaan-Gan-Ning and Jin-Cha-Ji Border Regions.