Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)

The Armenian-Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) was a conflict that took place in the South Caucasus in regions with a mixed Armenian-Azerbaijani population, broadly encompassing what are now modern-day Azerbaijan and Armenia. It began during the final months of World War I and ended with the establishment of Soviet rule.

For other conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan, see Armenian–Azerbaijani war (disambiguation).

Armenian–Azerbaijani war
Part of the Caucasus campaign of World War I, the southern front of the Russian Civil War and the Turkish–Armenian War
Date30 March 1918 – 28 November 1920
(2 years, 7 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)
Location
The South Caucasus
Result

Inconclusive; Soviet invasion of Armenia and Azerbaijan and subsequent victory

  • Sovietization of Armenia and Azerbaijan
Territorial
changes
  • Disputes over Karabakh and Nakhchivan settled in favor of Soviet Azerbaijan
  • Most of Zangezur gained by Soviet Armenia
Belligerents
  • Republic of Aras (1918–1919)
  • Turkish revolutionaries
Commanders and leaders
Muzaffer Kılıç
Strength
60,000 (6,000 mobilized guards)
 36,000
50,000
10,000		 70,000
13,000
Part of a series on the
History of Armenia
Prehistory
Antiquity
Middle Ages
Early modern age
Modern age
Timeline • Origins • Etymology
Part of a series on the
History of Azerbaijan
Prehistory
Stone Age  • Bronze Age  • Iron Age
Shulaveri–Shomu culturec.6000–c.4000 BC
Chalcolithic culture of Nakhchivanc.4945–c.3800 BC
Leyla-Tepe culturec.4350–c.4000 BC
Kura–Araxes culturec.3400–c.2000 BC
Nakhchivan culturec.3000–c.2000 BC
Talish–Mughan culturec.1400–c.700 BC
Khojaly–Gadabay culturec.1300–c.700 BC
Antiquity
Kingdom of Iškuzac.700 BC–c.590s BC
Achaemenid Empire550 BC–330 BC
      • Satrapy of Mediac.550 BC – 323 BC
Seleucid Empire312 BC – 63 BC
Parthian Empire247 BC – AD 224
Caucasian Albaniac.200 BC – c.AD 800
Roman Empire 27 BC – AD 395
Early Middle Ages
Sasanian Empire 224–651
      • Satrapy of Albaniac.252–636
Khazar Khaganatec.650–969
Rashidun Caliphate632–661
      • Islamic conquest633–654
      • Arranc.650–705
Umayyad Caliphate661–750
      • Arranc.650–705
      • Emirate of Arminiya 705–884
Abbasid Caliphate750–1258
      • Emirate of Arminiya705–884
Shirvanshahs861–1538
Sajids889–929
Shaddadids951–1199
Sallarid dynasty919–1062
High Middle Ages
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231
Eldiguzids 1135–1225
Mongol Empire1206–1368
Ilkhanate 1256–1335
Chobanids 1335–1357
Timurid Empire 1370–1507
Qara Qoyunlu 1374–1468
Aq Qoyunlu 1378–1503
Early modern history
Safavid Iran 1501–1736
      • Safavid Shirvan 1501–1736
      • Safavid Karabakh 1501–1747
      • Chokhur-e Sa'd 1502–1736
Ottoman Empire 1299–1922
      • Shirvan Eyalet 1578–1607
      • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (I) 1588–1606
      • Revan Eyalet (I) 1583–1604
          • Nakhchivan Sanjak (I) 1583–1604
      • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (II) 1725–1735
      • Revan Eyalet (II) 1724–1736
          • Nakhchivan Sanjak (II) 1724–1736
      • Tiflis Eyalet (II) 1723–1735
          • Kazak Sanjak (II) 1723–1735
Afsharid Iran 1736–1796
      • Division of Afsharid Empire 1747
Khanates of the Caucasus 1604–1844
      • Elisu Sultanate 1604–1844
      • Kazakh sultanate 1605–1801
      • Djaro-Belokani c.1600s–c.1800s
      • Shaki Khanate 1743–1819
      • Ganja Khanate 1747–1805
      • Talysh Khanate 1747–1828
      • Nakhichevan Khanate 1747–1828
      • Qutqashen Sultanate 1747–1841
      • Baku Khanate 1747–1806
      • Shamshadil sultanate 1747–1801
      • Quba Khanate 1747–1806
      • Karabakh Khanate 1748–1822
          • Treaty of Kurakchay 1805
      • Shirvan Khanate 1748–1820
Zand dynasty1751–1794
Qajar Iran1789–1925
      • Fourth Russo-Persian War 1804–1813
          • Treaty of Gulistan 1813
      • Fifth Russo-Persian War 1826–1828
          • Treaty of Turkmenchay 1828
Russian Empire 1721–1917
      • Second Russo-Persian War 1722–1723
      • Caucasus Viceroyalty 1801–1917
          • Baku Governorate 1846–1920
          • Erivan Governorate 1849–1917
          • Zakatal okrug 1859–1918
          • Elizavetpol Governorate 1867–1920
      • Special Transcaucasian Committee 1917
Modern history
Transcaucasian Commissariat 1917–1918
      • March Days 1918
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1918
Baku Commune 1918
Centrocaspian Dictatorship 1918
Republic of Aras 1918–1919
Mughan Soviet Republic 1919
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918 - 1920
      • Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1918–1920
          • Battle of Baku 1918
      • Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 1920
Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic 1920–1922
      • Treaty of Kars 1921
Soviet Union 1922–1991
      • Transcaucasian SFSR 1922–1936
          • Azerbaijan SSR 1922–1936
      • Azerbaijan SSR 1936–1991
          • World War II 1941–1945
          • Black January 1990
      • Republic of Azerbaijan 1991
Contemporary history
Republic of Azerbaijan 1991–present
      • I Nagorno-Karabakh War 1988–1994
          • Bishkek Protocol 1994
      • II Nagorno-Karabakh War 2020
          • Ceasefire Agreement 2020
Topics
Historical regions
 Azerbaijan portal

The conflict took place against the backdrop of the Russian Civil War and the partition of the Ottoman Empire. Mutual territorial claims, made by the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Republic of Armenia, led to their respective support for Azerbaijani and Armenian militias in the disputed territories. Armenia fought against Azerbaijani militias in the Erivan Governorate of the former Russian Empire, while Azerbaijan fought Armenian claims to the Karabakh region. The war was characterized by outbreaks of massacres and ethnic cleansing (such as the March Days, the September Days, the Shusha massacre, and more broadly, the Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia), which changed the demographics of the region.

Hostilities broadly came to an end when the Soviet's 11th Army invaded and occupied both Azerbaijan and Armenia.

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