Iran–Iraq War

Iran–Iraq War
	Part of the Cold War and the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
	; Top-left to bottom-right: An Iranian child soldier on the frontlines; An Iranian soldier in a trench wearing a gas mask to guard against Iraqi chemical attacks; The USS Stark listing to port after being struck by an Iraqi Exocet missile; Burned-out vehicles shown in the aftermath of Operation Mersad; Iraqi prisoners of war after the recapture of Khorramshahr by Iranian forces; ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft gun being used by the Iranian Army;
Date	22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988; (7 years, 10 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)
Location	Iran; Iraq;
Result	Inconclusive
Belligerents
Iran	Iraq
KDP; PUK; ISCI; Islamic Dawa Party; Shia volunteers	MEK; KDPI; DRFLA; Sipay Rizgari; Arab volunteers
Commanders and leaders
Main Iranian leaders: Ruhollah Khomeini; Akbar Rafsanjani; Ali Khamenei; Mir-Hossein Mousavi;	Main Iraqi leaders: Saddam Hussein; Adnan Khayr Allah; Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri; Tariq Aziz;
Units involved
See order of battle	See order of battle
Strength
Start of war: ; 110,000–215,000 soldiers More: 1,700–2,100 tanks, ; (500–1,150 operable) ; 1,000–1,900 armoured vehicles, ; (1,300 operable) ; 300–1,100 artillery pieces, ; 421–485 fighter-bombers, ; (200–205 fully operational) ; 750–835 helicopters ; (240 fully operational) ; ; In 1982: ; 350,000 soldiers, ; 700 tanks, ; 2,700 armoured vehicles, ; 400 artillery pieces, ; 350 aircraft, ; 700 helicopters ; ; In 1988: ; 600,000–850,000 soldiers, ; 1,500+ tanks, ; 800–1,400 armoured vehicles, ; 600–900 heavy artillery pieces, ; 60–80 fighter-bombers, ; 70–90 helicopters KDP: 45,000 Peshmerga (1986–88); PUK: 12,000 Peshmerga (1986–88) ;	Start of war: ; 200,000–210,000 soldiers More: 1,750–2,800 tanks, ; 2,350–4,000 APCs, ; 1,350–1,400 artillery pieces, ; 295–380 fighter-bombers, ; 300–350 helicopters ; ; In 1982: ; 175,000 soldiers, ; 1,200 tanks, ; 2,300 armoured vehicles, ; 400 artillery pieces, ; 450 aircraft, ; 180 helicopters ; ; In 1988: ; 800,000–1,500,000 soldiers, ; 3,400–5,000 tanks, ; 4,500–10,000 APCs, ; 2,300–12,000 artillery pieces, ; 360–900 fighter-bombers, ; 140–1,000 helicopters KDPI: 30,000 Peshmerga (1980–83); MEK: 15,000 fighters (1981–83, 87–88) ;
Casualties and losses
Military dead: ; 200,000–600,000 ; More: 123,220–160,000 KIA, ; 60,711 MIA ; (Iranian claim) ; 800,000 killed ; (Iraqi claim) ; ; 320,000–500,000 WIA ; 40,000–42,875 POW ; 11,000–16,000 civilian dead ; ; Economic loss: ; $627 billion ;	Military dead: ; 105,000–500,000 ; More: 400,000 WIA ; 70,000 POW ; ; Economic loss: ; $561 billion ;
	Civilian dead: 100,000+; Total casualties: 1,000,000–2,000,000
	Lebanon and Paris in France were also affected (see also: 1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut, Lebanon hostage crisis, 1983 Beirut barracks bombings, 1985–86 Paris attacks);

The Iran–Iraq War, also known as the First Gulf War (Arabic: حرب الخليج الأولى), was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. Active hostilities began with the Iraqi invasion of Iran and lasted for eight years, until the acceptance of United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 by both sides. Iraq's primary rationale for the attack against Iran cited the need to prevent Ruhollah Khomeini—who had spearheaded the Iranian Revolution in 1979—from exporting the new Iranian ideology to Iraq. There were also fears among the Iraqi leadership of Saddam Hussein that Iran, a theocratic state with a population predominantly composed of Shia Muslims, would exploit sectarian tensions in Iraq by rallying Iraq's Shia majority against the Baʽathist government, which was officially secular and dominated by Sunni Muslims. Iraq also wished to replace Iran as the power player in the Persian Gulf, which was not seen as an achievable objective prior to the Islamic Revolution because of Pahlavi Iran's economic and military superiority as well as its close relationships with the United States and Israel.

The Iran–Iraq War followed a long-running history of territorial border disputes between the two states, as a result of which Iraq planned to retake the eastern bank of the Shatt al-Arab that it had ceded to Iran in the 1975 Algiers Agreement. Iraqi support for Arab separatists in Iran increased following the outbreak of hostilities; Saddam disputedly may have wished to annex Iran's Arab-majority Khuzestan province. While the Iraqi leadership had hoped to take advantage of Iran's post-revolutionary chaos and expected a decisive victory in the face of a severely weakened Iran, the Iraqi military only made progress for three months, and by December 1980, the Iraqi invasion had stalled. The Iranian military began to gain momentum against the Iraqis and regained all lost territory by June 1982. After pushing Iraqi forces back to the pre-war border lines, Iran rejected United Nations Security Council Resolution 514 and launched an invasion of Iraq. The subsequent Iranian offensive within Iraqi territory lasted for five years, with Iraq taking back the initiative in mid-1988 and subsequently launching a series of major counter-offensives that ultimately led to the conclusion of the war in a stalemate.

The eight years of war-exhaustion, economic devastation, decreased morale, military stalemate, inaction by the international community towards the use of weapons of mass destruction by Iraqi forces on Iranian soldiers and civilians, as well as increasing Iran–United States military tensions all culminated in Iran's acceptance of a ceasefire brokered by the United Nations Security Council. In total, around 500,000 people were killed during the Iran–Iraq War, with Iran bearing the larger share of the casualties, excluding the tens of thousands of civilians killed in the concurrent Anfal campaign that targeted Iraqi Kurdistan. The end of the conflict resulted in neither reparations nor border changes, and the combined financial losses suffered by both combatants is believed to have exceeded US$1 trillion. There were a number of proxy forces operating for both countries: Iraq and the pro-Iraqi Arab separatist militias in Iran were most notably supported by the National Council of Resistance of Iran; whereas Iran re-established an alliance with the Iraqi Kurds, being primarily supported by the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. During the conflict, Iraq received an abundance of financial, political, and logistical aid from the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and the overwhelming majority of Arab countries. While Iran was comparatively isolated to a large degree, it received a significant amount of aid from Syria, Libya, China, North Korea, Israel, Pakistan, and South Yemen.

The conflict has been compared to World War I in terms of the tactics used by both sides, including large-scale trench warfare with barbed wire stretched across fortified defensive lines, manned machine-gun posts, bayonet charges, Iranian human wave attacks, Iraq's extensive use of chemical weapons, and deliberate attacks on civilian targets. The discourses on martyrdom formulated in the Iranian Shia Islamic context led to the widespread usage of human wave attacks and thus had a lasting impact on the dynamics of the conflict.

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