Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer
	Schopenhauer in 1855
Born	22 February 1788; Danzig (Gdańsk), Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Died	21 September 1860 (aged 72); Frankfurt, German Confederation
Nationality	German
Education	Illustrious Gymnasium; University of Göttingen; University of Jena (PhD, 1813);
Relatives	Johanna Schopenhauer (mother); Adele Schopenhauer (sister);
Era	19th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Continental philosophy; Post-Kantian philosophy; Transcendental idealism (disputed); Metaphysical voluntarism; Philosophical pessimism;
Institutions	University of Berlin
Main interests	Metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics, morality, psychology
Notable ideas	Anthropic principle; Eternal justice; Fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason; Hedgehog's dilemma; Philosophical pessimism; Principium individuationis; Will as thing in itself; Animal ethics; Criticism of religion; Criticism of German idealism; Schopenhauerian aesthetics; Wooden iron;
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Arthur Schopenhauer (/ˈʃoʊpənhaʊər/ SHOH-pən-how-ər, German: [ˈaʁtuːɐ̯ ˈʃoːpn̩haʊɐ] ^ⓘ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the manifestation of a blind and irrational noumenal will. Building on the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of German idealism.

Schopenhauer was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Indian philosophy, such as asceticism, denial of the self, and the notion of the world-as-appearance. His work has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism. Though his work failed to garner substantial attention during his lifetime, he had a posthumous impact across various disciplines, including philosophy, literature, and science. His writing on aesthetics, morality, and psychology have influenced many thinkers and artists.

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