Kazakhstan–European Union relations
European Union–Kazakhstan relations are the international relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the common foreign policy and trade relations of the European Union.
European Union |
Kazakhstan |
---|---|
Envoy | |
Ambassador Sven-Olov Carlsson | Ambassador Margulan B. Baimukhan |
The bilateral relationship began in 1992 with the signing of the Protocol on establishing diplomatic relations between Kazakhstan and the EU. It has evolved considerably since then to include several formats of cooperation, including the Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (EPCA), as well as the establishment of several dialogues designed to help implement social, political and economic reforms.
The EU is Kazakhstan’s largest economic partner, representing roughly 30% of its total trade in goods, and receives 41% of Kazakhstan’s exports. Kazakhstan is also a major receiver of FDI coming from the EU.
Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the EU and Kazakhstan have deepened their trade relations through mutual trade deals that seek to reduce reliance on Russia, including an agreement from November 2022 that seeks to "develop supplies of green hydrogen and raw materials to manufacture equipment such as wind turbines and batteries for electric cars."
Metric | European Union | Kazakhstan |
---|---|---|
Population | 447,206,135 | 20,000,000 |
Area | 4,324,782 km2 (1,669,808 sq mi) | 2,724,900 km2 (1,052,100 sq mi) |
Population Density | 115/km2 (300/sq mi) | 7/km2 (18.1/sq mi) |
Capital | Brussels (de facto) | Astana |
Global Cities | Paris, Rome, Berlin, Vienna, Madrid, Amsterdam, Athens, Dublin, Helsinki, Warsaw, Lisbon, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Prague, Bucharest, Nicosia, Budapest, Tallinn, Sofia, Riga, Ljubljana, Bratislava, Vilnius, Zagreb | Astana, Almaty, Aktobe, Karaganda, Kokshetau, Kostanay, Atyrau, Pavlodar, Taraz, Jezkazgan, Kyzylorda, Semey, Ekibastuz, Shymkent, Arkalyk, Zhanaozen, Ridder, Temirtau, Stepnogorsk |
Government | Supranational parliamentary democracy based on the European treaties | Unitary dominant-party presidential constitutional republic |
First Leader | High Authority President Jean Monnet | President Nursultan Nazarbayev |
Current Leader | Council President Charles Michel Commission President Ursula von der Leyen |
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev Prime Minister Älihan Smaiylov |
Official languages | 24 official languages, of which 3 considered "procedural" (English, French and German) | Kazakh, Russian |
Main Religions | 72% Christianity (48% Roman Catholicism, 12% Protestantism, 8% Eastern Orthodoxy, 4% Other Christianity), 23% non-Religious, 3% Other, 2% Islam |
70.2% Muslims 26.3% Christians 3.5% others |
Ethnic groups | Germans (ca. 80 million), French (ca. 67 million), Italians (ca. 60 million), Spanish (ca. 47 million), Poles (ca. 46 million), Romanians (ca. 16 million), Dutch (ca. 13 million), Greeks (ca. 11 million), Portuguese (ca. 11 million), and others |
65.5% Kazakh, 21.5% Russian, 3.0% Uzbek, 1.8% Ukrainian, 1.4% Uyghur, 1.2% Tatar, 1.1% German, 4.5% others |
GDP (nominal) | $16.477 trillion, $31,801 per capita | $179.332 billion, $9,686 per capita |