John Bardeen

John Bardeen
John Bardeen
	Bardeen in 1956
Born	May 23, 1908; Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.
Died	January 30, 1991 (aged 82); Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Education	University of Wisconsin (BS, MS); Princeton University (PhD)
Known for	Point-contact transistor; Field-effect transistor; BCS theory; Superconductivity; Surface physics; Deformation potential theory; Bardeen's formalism; Mattis–Bardeen theory;
Spouse	Jane Maxwell (m. 1938)
Children	James M. Bardeen (1939–2022); William A. Bardeen (b. 1941); Elizabeth Greytak (1944–2000);
Awards	Stuart Ballantine Medal (1952); Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize (1954); Nobel Prize in Physics (1956); Fritz London Memorial Prize (1962); National Medal of Science (1965); IEEE Medal of Honor (1971); Nobel Prize in Physics (1972); ForMemRS (1973); Lomonosov Gold Medal (1987); Harold Pender Award (1988);
	Scientific career
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Bell Telephone Laboratories; University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign; University of Minnesota
Thesis	Quantum Theory of the Work Function (1936)
Doctoral advisor	Eugene Wigner
Other academic advisors	John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
Doctoral students	William L. McMillan; John Robert Schrieffer; Nick Holonyak;

John Bardeen (/bɑːrˈdiːn/; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N. Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.

The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry, making possible the development of almost every modern electronic device, from telephones to computers, and ushering in the Information Age. Bardeen's developments in superconductivity—for which he was awarded his second Nobel Prize—are used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), medical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and superconducting quantum circuits.

Born and raised in Wisconsin, Bardeen received a Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University. After serving in World War II, he was a researcher at Bell Labs and a professor at the University of Illinois. In 1990, Bardeen appeared on Life magazine's list of "100 Most Influential Americans of the Century."

Bardeen is the first of only three people to have won multiple Nobel Prizes in the same category (the others being Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless in chemistry), and one of five persons with two Nobel Prizes.

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