Haplogroup C-M217
Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2 (and previously as C3), is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider Haplogroup C (M130). It is found mostly in Central Asia, Eastern Siberia and significant frequencies in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia including some populations in the Caucasus, Middle East, South Asia, East Europe. It is found in a much more widespread area with a low frequency of less than 2%.
| Haplogroup C-M217 C2 (previously C3) | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 50,865 [95% CI 38,317 <-> 61,900] ybp 52,500 or 44,900 ybp 48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] ybp |
| Coalescence age | 35,383 [95% CI 25,943 <-> 44,092] ybp 34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] ybp |
| Possible place of origin | Probably Central Asia or East Asia |
| Ancestor | C-M130 |
| Descendants | C-M93 (C2a); C-CTS117 (C2b); C-P53.1 (C2c); C-P62 (C2d); C-F2613/Z1338 (C2e) |
| Defining mutations | M217, P44, PK2 |
| Highest frequencies | Oroqen 61%-91%, Evenks 12.9% - 71%, Ulchi 69%, Nivkhs 38%-71%, Kazakhs 30% (5.3% Ysty - 80.3% Baiuly), Buryats 7%-84%, Evens 5%-74%, Mongolians 52.3% (22.9% China, 24.39% China, 45% Northeast Mongolia, 46.7% Oroqen Autonomous Banner, 47.8% Southeast Mongolia, 52.6% Northwest Mongolia, 53.8% Batsümber, 55% Central and Southwest Mongolia), Tanana 42%, Koryaks 33%-48%, Hazaras 35%–40%, Yukaghir 31%, Daur 30.8%-42.5%, Sibe (Xinjiang) 26.8% (11/41) - 29.5% (18/61), Hezhe (Heilongjiang) 23%, Manchu 17.67% (9.3% Bijie - 44.0% Heilongjiang), Tujia ≈21% (16%, 18% Jishou, 21% Guizhou, 23% Hubei, 27% Hunan), North Korean 23% (19%-27%), Altai 22%-24%, Dong 21% (6% Guangxi, 20% Hunan, 22% Hunan, 30% Guizhou), Kyrgyz 20%-26.6%, Uzbeks 20% (Uzbekistan) - 54% (Takhar), Hani 18% (12% Mường Tè, 18%, 22% Yunnan), South Korean 16% (11.6%-21%), Cheyenne 16%, Apache 15%, Northern Han 14.7% (4.3%-29.6%), Tuvans 11% – 15%, Ainu 12.5%-25%, Hui 11%, Sioux 11%, Nogais 14%, Crimean Tatars 9%, Uyghurs 8.27% (0% Ürümqi, 0% Turpan area, 2.6% Keriya, 3.1% Lopnur, 6.0%, 6.0% Ürümqi area, 6.3% Bortala area, 7.0% Yining area, 7.7% Yili, 8.37% Hetian area, 11.8% Horiqol Township, 16.08% Turpan area), Vietnamese 7.6% (4.3%-12.5%), Tajiks (Afghanistan) 7.6% (3.6%-9.2%), Southern Han 7.1% (0%-23.5%), Tabassarans 7%}, Abazinians 7%, Japanese 5.9% (0% Tokyo, Okinawa, Aomori, - 7.8% Fukuoka), Adygei 2.9%, Kabardians 2.4%, Pashtuns 2.04% |
The haplogroup C-M217 is now found at high frequencies among Central Asian peoples, indigenous Siberians, and some Native peoples of North America. In particular, males belonging to peoples such as the Buryats, Evens, Evenks, Itelmens, Tom Tatars, Kalmyks, Kazakhs, Koryaks, Mongolians, Negidals, Nivkhs, Udege, and Ulchi have high levels of M217.
One particular haplotype within Haplogroup C2-M217 has received a great deal of attention, because of the possibility that it may represent direct patrilineal descent from Genghis Khan, though that hypothesis is controversial. According to the recent result, C2's subgroups are divided into C2b and C2e, and in Mongolia, most belong to C2b(Genghis Khan modal), while very few are C2e. On the other hand, C2b takes minority and most are C2e in Japan and Korea and Southern East Asia. The specific subclade Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) of the broader C-M48 subclade, which has been identified as a possible marker of the Manchu Aisin Gioro and has been found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, is totally absent from all Han Chinese populations (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan and Xinjiang).
Y chromosome haplogroup C2c1a1a1-M407 is carried by Mongol descendants of the Northern Yuan ruler from 1474 to 1517, Dayan Khan, who is a male line descendant of Genghis Khan which was found out after geneticists in Mongolia conducted tests on them.
C2b1a3a1c2-F5481 clade of C2*-ST which is also widespread in Central Asia among Kazakhs, Hazaras and ordinary commoner Mongols. The Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3* star-cluster (C2*-ST) Y chromosome and is very high among Hazaras, Kazakhs and Mongols in general.
Toghan, Genghis Khan's sixth son has claimed descendants who have Y haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 just like the first son of Genghis Khan, Jochi's descendants in the Kazakh Tore clan.