Anti-Müllerian hormone

AMH
Identifiers
Aliases	AMH, MIS, antim, MIF, anti-Mullerian hormone
External IDs	OMIM: 600957 MGI: 88006 HomoloGene: 68060 GeneCards: AMH
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 19 (human)
End	2,252,073 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 10 (mouse)
End	80,643,482 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	anterior pituitary; ; nucleus accumbens; ; putamen; ; caudate nucleus; ; gastrocnemius muscle; ; Brodmann area 9; ; ganglionic eminence; ; body of pancreas; ; amygdala; ; hypothalamus;
	Top expressed in
	Sertoli cell; ; ovarian follicle; ; ovarian follicle; ; spermatocyte; ; cerebellar cortex; ; superior frontal gyrus; ; stomach; ; yolk sac; ; thymus; ; olfactory bulb;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	transforming growth factor beta receptor binding; growth factor activity; signaling receptor binding; hormone activity;
Cellular component	extracellular region; extracellular space;
Biological process	Mullerian duct regression; cell-cell signaling; cell differentiation; human ageing; positive regulation of gene expression; sex differentiation; sex-determination system; positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; response to organic cyclic compound; preantral ovarian follicle growth; gonad development; gonadal mesoderm development; negative regulation of ovarian follicle development; BMP signaling pathway; urogenital system development; regulation of signaling receptor activity;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	268
	11705
	ENSG00000104899
	ENSMUSG00000035262
	P03971
	P27106; Q5EC55
	NM_000479
	NM_007445
	NP_000470
	NP_031471
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH), is a glycoprotein hormone structurally related to inhibin and activin from the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, whose key roles are in growth differentiation and folliculogenesis. In humans, it is encoded by the AMH gene, on chromosome 19p13.3, while its receptor is encoded by the AMHR2 gene on chromosome 12.

AMH is activated by SOX9 in the Sertoli cells of the male fetus. Its expression inhibits the development of the female reproductive tract, or Müllerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts), in the male embryo, thereby arresting the development of fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina. AMH expression is critical to sex differentiation at a specific time during fetal development, and appears to be tightly regulated by nuclear receptor SF-1, transcription GATA factors, sex-reversal gene DAX1, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Mutations in both the AMH gene and the type II AMH receptor have been shown to cause the persistence of Müllerian derivatives in males that are otherwise normally masculinized.

AMH is also a product of granulosa cells of the preantral and small antral follicles in women. As such, AMH is only present in the ovary until menopause. So AMH makes it possible to predict the age at which menopause will occur. Production of AMH regulates folliculogenesis by inhibiting recruitment of follicles from the resting pool in order to select for the dominant follicle, after which the production of AMH diminishes. As a product of the granulosa cells, which envelop each egg and provide them energy, AMH can also serve as a molecular biomarker for relative size of the ovarian reserve. In humans, this is helpful because the number of cells in the follicular reserve can be used to predict timing of menopause. In bovine, AMH can be used for selection of females in multi-ovulatory embryo transfer programs by predicting the number of antral follicles developed to ovulation. AMH can also be used as a marker for ovarian dysfunction, such as in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

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