Grand coordinator and provincial governor
A xunfu was an important imperial Chinese provincial office under both the Ming (14th–17th centuries) and Qing (17th–20th centuries) dynasties. However, the purview of the office under the two dynasties differed markedly. Under the Ming dynasty, the post originated around 1430 as a kind of inspector-general and ad hoc provincial-level administrator; such a xunfu is usually translated as a grand coordinator. However, since the mid-17th century, xunfu became the title of a regular provincial governor overseeing civil administration in the Qing dynasty.
| Grand coordinator (Ming) Governor (Qing) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 巡撫 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 巡抚 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | itinerant-&-pacifying [official] itinerant pacifier | ||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | Tuần phủ / Tuần vũ | ||||||||
| Chữ Hán | 巡撫 | ||||||||
Under both dynasties, the xunfu was subordinate in military affairs to the multi-provincial zongdu (總督), usually translated as "supreme commander" under the Ming and "governor-general" or "viceroy" under the Qing.
The Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam also established the position (known as tuần phủ or tuần vũ 巡撫) based on the contemporaneous position of Qing China.