Portal:Animals

The Animals Portal

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have myocytes and are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Animals form a clade, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor.

Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described, of which around 1.05 million are insects, over 85,000 are molluscs, and around 65,000 are vertebrates. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal body lengths range from 8.5 μm (0.00033 in) to 33.6 m (110 ft). They have complex ecologies and interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology, and the study of animal behaviors is known as ethology.

Most living animal species belong to the infrakingdom Bilateria, a highly proliferative clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The vast majority belong to two large superphyla: the protostomes, which includes organisms such as the arthropods, molluscs, flatworms, annelids and nematodes; and the deuterostomes, which include the echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates, the latter of which contains the vertebrates. The simple Xenacoelomorpha have an uncertain position within Bilateria. (Full article...)

Zoology (/zoʊˈɒlədʒi/) is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include the structure, embryology, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. Zoology is one of the primary branches of biology. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōion ('animal'), and λόγος, logos ('knowledge', 'study'). (Full article...)

Selected animal -

Entries here consist of Good and Featured articles, which meet a core set of high editorial standards.
Model of megalodon jaws at the American Museum of Natural History

Otodus megalodon (/ˈmɛɡələdɒn/ MEG-əl-ə-don; meaning "big tooth"), commonly known as megalodon, is an extinct species of giant mackerel shark that lived approximately 23 to 3.6 million years ago (Mya), from the Early Miocene to the Pliocene epochs. O. megalodon was formerly thought to be a member of the family Lamnidae and a close relative of the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), but has been reclassified into the extinct family Otodontidae, which diverged from the great white shark during the Early Cretaceous.

While regarded as one of the largest and most powerful predators to have ever lived, megalodon is only known from fragmentary remains, and its appearance and maximum size are uncertain. Scientists differ on whether it would have more closely resembled a stockier version of the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) or the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus). The most recent estimate with the least error range suggests a maximum length estimate up to 20.3 meters (67 ft), although the modal lengths are estimated at 10.5 meters (34 ft). Extrapolation from a vertebral centra with dimensions based on the great white shark suggests that

  • a megalodon about 16 meters (52 ft) long weighs up to 48 t (53 short tons; 47 long tons),
  • one 17 meters (56 ft) long weighs up to 59 t (65 short tons; 58 long tons), and
  • one 20.3 meters (67 ft) long (the maximum length) weighs up to 103 t (114 short tons; 101 long tons). (Full article...)
List of selected animal articles

Selected pictures

  • Credit: Hans Hillewaert
    Brittle stars, serpent stars, or ophiuroids (from Latin ophiurus 'brittle star'; from Ancient Greek ὄφις (óphis) 'serpent', and οὐρά (ourá) 'tail'; referring to the serpent-like arms of the brittle star) are echinoderms in the class Ophiuroidea, closely related to starfish. They crawl across the sea floor using their flexible arms for locomotion. The ophiuroids generally have five long, slender, whip-like arms which may reach up to 60 cm (24 in) in length on the largest specimens. (Full article...)
  • Photograph: Taro Taylor; edit: Dapete
    Glaucus atlanticus is a species of small, blue sea slug. This pelagic aeolid nudibranch floats upside down, using the surface tension of the water to stay up, and is carried along by the winds and ocean currents. The blue side of their body faces upwards, blending in with the blue of the water, while the grey side faces downwards, blending in with the silvery surface of the sea. G. atlanticus feeds on other pelagic creatures, including the Portuguese man o' war.
  • Emperor shrimp
    Photo: Nick Hobgood
    The Emperor shrimp (Periclimenes imperator) is a species of shrimp with a wide distribution across the Indo-Pacific. It lives commensally on a number of hosts, including sea cucumbers (Bohadschia argus shown here).
  • Velodona
    Illustration: Ewald Rübsamen
    Velodona togata is the only species in the octopus genus Velodona; the genus and species names come from the large membranes that connect its arms. It was first described by Carl Chun in his book Die Cephalopoden (from which this illustration is taken) in 1915. A second subspecies was described by Guy Coburn Robson in 1924.
  • Photograph credit: Charles J. Sharp
    The bird-cherry ermine (Yponomeuta evonymella) is a species of moth in the family Yponomeutidae, native to Europe and parts of Asia. The caterpillars are gregarious and feed on the leaves of the bird cherry tree, forming silken webbing for their own protection. They create further webbing on the trunk and near the base of the tree, which hides them as they pupate. This photograph shows one of many bird-cherry ermine caterpillar nests on a tree in Lahemaa National Park, Estonia. In some years, they are so numerous that they can completely strip a tree of its foliage.
  • Image credit: Ernst Haeckel
    Plate 5 from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, showing a variety of calcareous sponges, a class of about 400 marine sponges that are found mostly in shallow tropical waters worldwide. Calcareous sponges vary from radially symmetrical vase-shaped body types to colonies made up of a meshwork of thin tubes, or irregular massive forms. The skeleton has either a mesh or honeycomb structure.
  • Mating
    Photograph: Kateshortforbob
    Two poplar hawk-moths in the process of mating, the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms, generally for the purposes of sexual reproduction. Mating may involve copulation if the species' fertilization is internal, but not if it is external. Different species use different strategies to select a mate, including random mating, disassortative mating, assortative mating, and a mating pool.
  • Photo: H. Zell
    Cymbiola nobilis is a species of sea snail in the family Volutidae. Found in the Pacific Ocean, from Taiwan to Singapore, it averages 6 centimetres (2.4 in) in length; females are larger than males. Because the shell is commonly collected, there has been an overharvesting of the snail, and it is now considered vulnerable.
  • Rotifers
    Credit: Frank Fox
    The rotifers (/ˈroʊtɪfərz/, from the Latin rota, "wheel", and -fer, "bearing"), commonly called wheel animals or wheel animalcules, make up a phylum (Rotifera /roʊˈtɪfərə/) of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals. (Full article...)
  • Photograph credit: Frank Schulenburg
    The brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) is a bird of the pelican family, Pelecanidae, one of three species found in the Americas and one of two that feed by diving into water. This photograph shows a juvenile brown pelican gliding over the Pacific Ocean at Bodega Head, California.

    After hatching, the pelican chicks are fed on regurgitated predigested fish and take about two months to fledge. When they leave the nest, they are at first unable to fly and take wing several weeks later. When the parents cease to feed them, some six months later, each will have consumed around 70 kg (150 lb) of fish. The juvenile brown pelican does not acquire adult plumage until three years of age, when the feathers on the neck become paler, the upperparts striped, the wing feathers grayer, and the belly acquires dark spots.
  • Pulmonata
    Artist: H. Morin; Restoration: Citron
    An illustration of various Pulmonata (and one predator arthropod in the lower right), an informal group of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. Pulmonata was previously a formal taxon but lost its status as one in 2010. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families. Most species have a shell, but no operculum, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic, and some groups possess love darts.
  • Image credit: Debivort
    Representative dinosaurs of the Hadrosauroidea superfamily. The family Hadrosauridae contains the dinosaurs commonly known as "duck-billed" dinosaurs. They were ubiquitous herbivores during the Cretaceous period, and prey to theropoda such as Tyrannosaurus. The individual drawings represent typical genera. All these groups were alive in the late Cretaceous, and are generally known only from a single fossil site. Animals are shown to scale.
  • Credit: Ernst Haeckel, Kunstformen der Natur (1904)
    Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary colonies. Typically about 0.5 millimetres (1⁄64 in) long, they have a special feeding structure called a lophophore, a "crown" of tentacles used for filter feeding. Most marine bryozoans live in tropical waters, but a few are found in oceanic trenches and polar waters. The bryozoans are classified as the marine bryozoans (Stenolaemata), freshwater bryozoans (Phylactolaemata), and mostly-marine bryozoans (Gymnolaemata), a few members of which prefer brackish water. 5,869 living species are known. Originally all of the crown group Bryozoa were colonial, but as an adaptation to a mesopsammal (interstitial spaces in marine sand) life or to deep‐sea habitats, secondarily solitary forms have since evolved. Solitary species has been described in four genera; Aethozooides, Aethozoon, Franzenella and Monobryozoon). The latter having a statocyst‐like organ with a supposed excretory function. (Full article...)
  • Thysanozoon nigropapillosum
    Photograph credit: Betty Wills
    Thysanozoon nigropapillosum, the yellow-spotted flatworm, is a species of marine flatworm in the family Pseudocerotidae. The species is native to the tropical Indo-Pacific region, where it lives in shallow reef habitats. Flatworms are hermaphrodites, each being able to act as either male or female. As a donor of sperm, it can grip the margin of the recipient's body, using its two penises in a chopstick-like manner, and deposit sperm on the surface of the skin of the recipient, even while it is actively swimming.

    This picture shows a yellow-spotted flatworm photographed in Manta Ray Bay, on the island of Yap in the Federated States of Micronesia. The flatworm is seen swimming to the right at a depth of 12 metres (40 ft) by undulating the margins of its body. The pseudotentacles at the front have simple eyes and sensory receptors to enable the flatworm to find tunicates on which it feeds.
  • Pinctada
    Photograph: Didier Descouens
    A black-lip oyster (Pinctada margaritifera) specimen. This species of clam in the genus Pinctada is a marine bivalve mollusc that is harvested for its pearls in the Persian Gulf and southwestern part of the Indian Ocean, Fiji, Tahiti, Myanmar, Baja California, and the Gulf of Mexico.
  • Nembrotha cristata
    Photograph: Steve Childs
    Nembrotha cristata is a colourful species of sea slug. This nudibranch, a marine gastropod in the family Polyceridae, lives on rocks or coral reefs in the tropical Indo-West Pacific Ocean. This species of sea slug is black with green markings. Adults reach lengths of around 50 mm.
  • Sponges
    Credit: Twilight Zone Expedition Team 2007, NOAA-OE
    Sponges (also known as sea sponges), the members of the phylum Porifera (/pəˈrɪfərə/; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. (Full article...) Included are the yellow tube sponge, Aplysina fistularis, the purple vase sponge, Niphates digitalis, the red encrusting sponge, Spirastrella coccinea, and the gray rope sponge, Callyspongia sp.
  • Credit: Ernst Haeckel, Kunstformen der Natur (1904)
    The flatworms, flat worms, Platyhelminthes, or platyhelminths (from the Greek πλατύ, platy, meaning "flat" and ἕλμινς (root: ἑλμινθ-), helminth-, meaning "worm") are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates. Being acoelomates (having no body cavity), and having no specialised circulatory and respiratory organs, they are restricted to having flattened shapes that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through their bodies by diffusion. The digestive cavity has only one opening for both ingestion (intake of nutrients) and egestion (removal of undigested wastes); as a result, the food cannot be processed continuously. (Full article...)
  • Redeye gaper
    Photo: Steve Ross, NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration
    The redeye gaper (Chaunax stigmaeus) is a sedentary species of anglerfish native to deep waters in the western North Atlantic from the Georges Bank off New England southward to the Blake Plateau off South Carolina. It is a sedentary ambush predator that spends most of its time resting on the sea floor on its pectoral and pelvic fins, moving only to capture prey or avoid predators.
  • Photograph credit: Basile Morin
    Eutropis macularia, the bronze grass skink, is a species of lizard in the skink family, Scincidae, native to South and Southeast Asia. It lives in both deciduous and evergreen forests, in plantations, in grasslands, and in rocky areas with scattered trees. The species is active in both the day and the night, feeding on insects and other invertebrates. This bronze grass skink was photographed on a tree trunk on the island of Don Det in Laos.

Selected article -

Entries here consist of Good and Featured articles, which meet a core set of high editorial standards.

There are 57 recorded species of Odonata in Britain, made up of 21 damselflies (suborder Zygoptera) and 36 dragonflies (suborder Anisoptera). Of these, 42 species (17 damselflies and 25 dragonflies) are resident breeders, and the remainder are either extinct species, or vagrants - in respect of the latter, this list follows the decisions of the Odonata Records Committee.

Some of these rare species have not been seen since the 19th Century; however, the British Odonata list is also currently undergoing a period of unprecedented change, as new species are being discovered for the first time, some going on to become breeding species. (Full article...)
List of selected articles

Did you know -


  • ...that the robin (pictured) has an average life expectancy of about one year, but has been known to live up to twelve years?
  • ...that the Zebra mussel, originally native to Russia, has spread to North America, the British Isles, Spain, and Sweden, where it is considered a nuisance because it can form colonies large enough to block pipelines?
  • ...that the Southern Giant Petrel is the leading predator to the Emperor Penguin, and may be responsible for up to 34% of chick deaths in some colonies?
  • ...that some goats freeze for ten seconds whenever startled due to the genetic condition known as myotonia congenita, and have thus been dubbed "fainting goats"?
  • ...that Eurasian badgers are believed to be partially responsible for the spread of bovine tuberculosis?


General pictures

The following are images from various animal-related articles on Wikipedia.
  • This frog changes its skin colour to control its temperature. (from Animal coloration)
  • Non-bilaterians include sponges (centre) and corals (background). (from Animal)
  • Conrad Gessner (1516–1565). His Historiae animalium is considered the beginning of modern zoology. (from Zoology)
  • Anomalocaris canadensis is one of the many animal species that emerged in the Cambrian explosion, starting some 539 mya, and found in the fossil beds of the Burgess shale. (from Animal)
  • Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck led the creation of a modern classification of invertebrates, breaking up Linnaeus's "Vermes" into 9 phyla by 1809. (from Animal)
  • Linnaeus's table of the animal kingdom from the first edition of Systema Naturae (1735) (from Zoology)
  • The red pigment in a flamingo's plumage comes from its diet of shrimps, which get it from microscopic algae. (from Animal coloration)
  • Siberian tiger (from Mammalogy)
  • Papuan, Australian and New Zealand fauna. This image was likely first published in the first edition (1876–1899) of the Nordisk familjebok. (from Fauna)
  • The olm's blood makes it appear pink. (from Animal coloration)
  • Warning coloration of the skunk in Edward Bagnall Poulton's The Colours of Animals, 1890 (from Animal coloration)
  • A camouflaged orange oak leaf butterfly, Kallima inachus (centre) has protective resemblance. (from Animal coloration)
  • Hydrothermal vent mussels and shrimps (from Animal)
  • Dickinsonia costata from the Ediacaran biota (c. 635–542 mya) is one of the earliest animal species known. (from Animal)
  • A brilliantly-coloured oriental sweetlips fish (Plectorhinchus vittatus) waits while two boldly-patterned cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) pick parasites from its skin. The spotted tail and fin pattern of the sweetlips signals sexual maturity; the behaviour and pattern of the cleaner fish signal their availability for cleaning service, rather than as prey (from Animal coloration)
  • Predators, such as this ultramarine flycatcher (Ficedula superciliaris), feed on other animals. (from Animal)
  • In Roseate Spoonbills 1905–1909, Abbott Handerson Thayer tried to show that even the bright pink of these conspicuous birds had a cryptic function. (from Animal coloration)
  • The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived. (from Animal)
  • Sides of beef in a slaughterhouse (from Animal)
  • A clade representation of seven dog breeds in relation to wolves. (from Zoology)
  • Male Goldie's bird-of-paradise displays to a female (from Animal coloration)
  • Squid chromatophores appear as black, brown, reddish and pink areas in this micrograph. (from Animal coloration)
  • Butterfly wing at different magnifications reveals microstructured chitin acting as diffraction grating. (from Animal coloration)
  • Robert Hooke's Micrographia (from Animal coloration)
  • A praying mantis in deimatic or threat pose displays conspicuous patches of colour to startle potential predators. This is not warning coloration as the insect is palatable. (from Animal coloration)
  • Spiral cleavage in a sea snail embryo (from Animal)
  • The bilaterian gut develops in two ways. In many protostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth, while in deuterostomes it becomes the anus. (from Animal)
  • Bright coloration of orange elephant ear sponge, Agelas clathrodes signals its bitter taste to predators (from Animal coloration)
  • Auroralumina attenboroughii, an Ediacaran predator (c. 560 mya) (from Animal)
  • Idealised bilaterian body plan. With an elongated body and a direction of movement the animal has head and tail ends. Sense organs and mouth form the basis of the head. Opposed circular and longitudinal muscles enable peristaltic motion. (from Animal)
  • Examples of fauna in Olleros de Tera (Spain) (from Fauna)
  • The microscopic cave snail Zospeum tholussum, found at depths of 743 to 1,392 m (2,438 to 4,567 ft) in the Lukina Jama–Trojama cave system of Croatia, is completely blind with a translucent shell (from Fauna)
  • A venomous coral snake uses bright colours to warn off potential predators. (from Animal coloration)
  • A flower mantis, Hymenopus coronatus, uses special Aggressive mimicry. (from Animal coloration)
  • Sexual reproduction is nearly universal in animals, such as these dragonflies. (from Animal)
  • The hawk-cuckoo resembles a predatory shikra, giving the cuckoo time to lay eggs in a songbird's nest unnoticed (from Animal coloration)
  • A Euplokamis comb jelly is bioluminescent. (from Animal coloration)
  • Simplified schematic of an island's fauna – all its animal species, highlighted in boxes (from Fauna)
  • The black and yellow warning colours of the cinnabar moth caterpillar, Tyria jacobaeae, are avoided by some birds. (from Animal coloration)
  • Side of zebrafish shows how chromatophores (dark spots) respond to 24 hours in dark (above) or light (below). (from Animal coloration)
  • Fish and frog melanophores are cells that can change colour by dispersing or aggregating pigment-containing bodies. (from Animal coloration)
  • Kelp gull chicks peck at red spot on mother's beak to stimulate the regurgitating reflex. (from Zoology)
  • Animals are unique in having the ball of cells of the early embryo (1) develop into a hollow ball or blastula (2). (from Animal)
  • Artistic vision: Still Life with Lobster and Oysters by Alexander Coosemans, c. 1660 (from Animal)
  • Animal anatomical engraving from Handbuch der Anatomie der Tiere für Künstler. (from Zoology)
  • Ecdysis: a dragonfly has emerged from its dry exuviae and is expanding its wings. Like other arthropods, its body is divided into segments. (from Animal)
  • Cleaner wrasse signals its cleaning services to a big eye squirrelfish (from Animal coloration)
  • The brilliant iridescent colours of the peacock's tail feathers are created by Structural coloration. (from Animal coloration)
  • A gun dog retrieving a duck during a hunt (from Animal)

Topics

The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the animal groups with the largest numbers of species, along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh water, and marine), and free-living or parasitic ways of life. Species estimates shown here are based on numbers described scientifically; much larger estimates have been calculated based on various means of prediction, and these can vary wildly. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million. Using patterns within the taxonomic hierarchy, the total number of animal species—including those not yet described—was calculated to be about 7.77 million in 2011.

Phylum Example No. of
Species		 Land Sea Fresh
water		 Free-
living		 Parasitic
Annelids 17,000 Yes (soil) Yes 1,750 Yes 400
Arthropods 1,257,000 1,000,000
(insects)		 >40,000
(Malac-
ostraca)		 94,000 Yes >45,000
Bryozoa 6,000 Yes 60–80 Yes
Chordates 65,000
45,000
23,000
13,000		 18,000
9,000		 Yes 40
(catfish)
Cnidaria 16,000 Yes Yes (few) Yes >1,350
(Myxozoa)
Echinoderms 7,500 7,500 Yes
Molluscs 85,000
107,000
35,000
60,000		 5,000
12,000		 Yes >5,600
Nematodes 25,000 Yes (soil) 4,000 2,000 11,000 14,000
Platyhelminthes 29,500 Yes Yes 1,300 Yes

3,000–6,500

 >40,000

4,000–25,000

Rotifers 2,000 >400 2,000 Yes
Sponges 10,800 Yes 200-300 Yes Yes
Total number of described extant species as of 2013: 1,525,728

Categories

Select [►] to view subcategories
Animals
Animals by conservation status
Animals by adaptation
Animals by common name
Animals by habitat
Animals by location
Animals by year of formal description
Individual animals
Lists of animals
Works about animals
Amphibians by year of formal description
Birds
Birds by year of formal description
Animal cognition
Animal common names
Crustaceans by year of formal description
Ctenophores
Dinosaurs
Animal equipment
Evolution of animals
Fish by year of formal description
Animal health
Animals and humans
Hybrid animals
Insects by year of formal description
Invertebrates
Animal locomotion
Mammals
Mammals by year of formal description
Molluscs by year of formal description
Nocturnal animals
Animal nutrition
ParaHoxozoa
Parazoa
Animal physiology
Reptiles by year of formal description
Robotic animals
Set index articles on animals
Animal sexuality
Spiders by year of formal description
Sponges
Sponges by year of formal description
Animal taxa
Vendobionta
Visual arts by animals
Wildlife
Animal redirects
Images of animals
Animal stubs

WikiProjects

WikiProject family tree

  • WikiProject Science
    • WikiProject Biology
      • WikiProject Tree of Life
        • WikiProject Animals
More projects
  • (By taxa)
  • WikiProject Arthropods
  • WikiProject Insects
  • Ant task force
  • WikiProject Beetles
  • WikiProject Lepidoptera
  • WikiProject Phasmatodea
  • WikiProject Spiders
  • Molluscs:
  • WikiProject Bivalves
  • WikiProject Cephalopods
  • WikiProject Gastropods
  • Vertebrates:
  • WikiProject Amphibians and Reptiles
  • WikiProject Dinosaurs
  • WikiProject Turtles
  • WikiProject Birds
  • Domestic pigeon task force
  • WikiProject Poultry
  • WikiProject Fishes
  • WikiProject Aquarium Fishes
  • WikiProject Sharks
  • WikiProject Mammals
  • WikiProject Cats
  • WikiProject Cetaceans
  • WikiProject Dogs
  • Dog breeds task force
  • WikiProject Equine
  • Horse breeds task force
  • WikiProject Primates
  • WikiProject Rodents
  • WikiProject Bats
  • (Other)
  • WikiProject Animal anatomy
  • WikiProject Animal rights
  • WikiProject Cryptozoology
  • WikiProject Neuroscience
  • WikiProject Organismal Biomechanics
  • WikiProject Zoo

Things you can do
Here are some Open Tasks :
  • Copyedit:
  • Merge: GLAM/ARKive donated texts into articles about endangered species.
  • Improve: Photoperiodism, Tool use by non-human animals, Omnivore, Animal suicide, Sphaerium beckmani (a species in family Sphaeriidae),
  • Requests:
  • Merge: GLAM/ARKive donated texts into articles about endangered species.
  • Expand: Junqueira cow, Atka mackerel
  • Nominate and vote: Science collaboration of the month, Article Improvement Drive, WikiProject Animals Collaboration

Associated Wikimedia

The following Wikimedia Foundation sister projects provide more on this subject:

References

  1. The application of DNA barcoding to taxonomy further complicates this; a 2016 barcoding analysis estimated a total count of nearly 100,000 insect species for Canada alone, and extrapolated that the global insect fauna must be in excess of 10 million species, of which nearly 2 million are in a single fly family known as gall midges (Cecidomyiidae).
  2. Not including parasitoids.
  1. Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (2013-08-30). "Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)". Zootaxa. 3703 (1): 5. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  2. Balian, E. V.; Lévêque, C.; Segers, H.; Martens, K. (2008). Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment. Springer. p. 628. ISBN 978-1-4020-8259-7.
  3. Hogenboom, Melissa. "There are only 35 kinds of animal and most are really weird". BBC Earth. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  4. Poulin, Robert (2007). Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites. Princeton University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-691-12085-0.
  5. Felder, Darryl L.; Camp, David K. (2009). Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity. Texas A&M University Press. p. 1111. ISBN 978-1-60344-269-5.
  6. "How many species on Earth? About 8.7 million, new estimate says". 24 August 2011. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  7. Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Worm, Boris (2011-08-23). Mace, Georgina M. (ed.). "How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?". PLOS Biology. 9 (8): e1001127. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127. PMC 3160336. PMID 21886479.
  8. Hebert, Paul D.N.; Ratnasingham, Sujeevan; Zakharov, Evgeny V.; Telfer, Angela C.; Levesque-Beaudin, Valerie; Milton, Megan A.; Pedersen, Stephanie; Jannetta, Paul; deWaard, Jeremy R. (1 August 2016). "Counting animal species with DNA barcodes: Canadian insects". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1702): 20150333. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0333. PMC 4971185. PMID 27481785.
  9. Stork, Nigel E. (January 2018). "How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth?". Annual Review of Entomology. 63 (1): 31–45. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348. PMID 28938083. S2CID 23755007. Stork notes that 1m insects have been named, making much larger predicted estimates.
  10. Poore, Hugh F. (2002). "Introduction". Crustacea: Malacostraca. Zoological catalogue of Australia. Vol. 19.2A. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-0-643-06901-5.
  11. Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L.; Wilson, Don E.; Wilson, Edward O. (1996). Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources. Joseph Henry Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-309-52075-1.
  12. Burton, Derek; Burton, Margaret (2017). Essential Fish Biology: Diversity, Structure and Function. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-0-19-878555-2. Trichomycteridae ... includes obligate parasitic fish. Thus 17 genera from 2 subfamilies, Vandelliinae; 4 genera, 9spp. and Stegophilinae; 13 genera, 31 spp. are parasites on gills (Vandelliinae) or skin (stegophilines) of fish.
  13. Nicol, David (June 1969). "The Number of Living Species of Molluscs". Systematic Zoology. 18 (2): 251–254. doi:10.2307/2412618. JSTOR 2412618.
  14. Sluys, R. (1999). "Global diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola): a new indicator-taxon in biodiversity and conservation studies". Biodiversity and Conservation. 8 (12): 1663–1681. doi:10.1023/A:1008994925673. S2CID 38784755.
  15. Pandian, T. J. (2020). Reproduction and Development in Platyhelminthes. CRC Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9781000054903.
  16. Fontaneto, Diego. "Marine Rotifers | An Unexplored World of Richness" (PDF). JMBA Global Marine Environment. pp. 4–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  17. Morand, Serge; Krasnov, Boris R.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J. (2015). Parasite Diversity and Diversification. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-107-03765-6. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Discover Wikipedia using portals

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.