Human parainfluenza viruses

Human parainfluenza viruses
	Transmission electron micrograph of a parainfluenza virus. Two intact particles and free filamentous nucleocapsid
Scientific classification
(unranked):	Virus
Realm:	Riboviria
Kingdom:	Orthornavirae
Phylum:	Negarnaviricota
Class:	Monjiviricetes
Order:	Mononegavirales
Family:	Paramyxoviridae
Groups included
	Respirovirus (part) Human respirovirus 1 (formerly Human parainfluenza virus 1); Human respirovirus 3 (formerly Human parainfluenza virus 3); ; Rubulavirus (part) Human rubulavirus 2 (formerly Human parainfluenza virus 2); Human rubulavirus 4 (formerly Human parainfluenza virus 4); ;
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
	Aquaparamyxovirus; Avulavirus; Ferlavirus; Henipavirus; Morbillivirus; Respirovirus (part) Bovine respirovirus 3; Murine respirovirus; Porcine respirovirus 1; ; Rubulavirus (part) Achimota rubulavirus 1; Achimota rubulavirus 2; Bat mumps rubulavirus; Mammalian rubulavirus 5; Mapuera rubulavirus; Menangle rubulavirus; Mumps rubulavirus; Porcine rubulavirus; Simian rubulavirus; Sosuga rubulavirus; Teviot rubulavirus; Tioman rubulavirus; Tuhoko rubulavirus 1; Tuhoko rubulavirus 2; Tuhoko rubulavirus 3; ; Pneumoviridae; Rhabdoviridae; Sunviridae; Xinmoviridae;

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are the viruses that cause human parainfluenza. HPIVs are a paraphyletic group of four distinct single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. These viruses are closely associated with both human and veterinary disease. Virions are approximately 150–250 nm in size and contain negative sense RNA with a genome encompassing about 15,000 nucleotides.

The viruses can be detected via cell culture, immunofluorescent microscopy, and PCR. HPIVs remain the second main cause of hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age for a respiratory illness (only respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes more respiratory hospitalisations for this age group).

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