Khagan
Khagan or Qaghan (Mongolian:ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; Khaan or Khagan; Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Kaɣan) is a title of imperial rank in Turkic, Mongolic, and some other languages, equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate (empire). The female equivalent is Khatun.
| Khagan | |
| Mongolian | |
|---|---|
| Mongolian Script: | ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ |
| ʼPhags-pa script: | ꡢꡖꡋ |
| Transliteration: | Qagan, Xagan |
| Cyrillic script: | Хаан / Хаган |
| Transliteration: | Khaan / Khagan |
| Yeniseian | |
| Latin alphabet: | Qaγan |
| Old Turkic | |
| Latin alphabet: | Qağan / Kaɣan |
| Old Turkic: | 𐰴𐰍𐰣 |
| Turkish | |
| Anatolian Turkish language: | Kağan |
| Ottoman Turkish language / Latin alphabet transliteration: | خاقان / Ḫākan |
| Azerbaijani | |
| Latin alphabet: | Xaqan |
| Kazakh | |
| Cyrillic script: | Қаған |
| Latin alphabet: | Qağan |
| Kyrgyz | |
| Cyrillic script: | Каган |
| Pronunciation: | [qɑˈʁɑn] |
| Russian | |
| Cyrillic script: | Каган |
| Latin alphabet: | Kagan |
| Hungarian | |
| Latin alphabet: | Kagán |
| Chinese | |
| Traditional Chinese: | 可汗 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 可汗 |
| Hanyu Pinyin: | Kèhán |
| Persian | |
| Persian alphabet: | خاقان |
| Latin alphabet: | Khāghān |
| Korean | |
| Hangul: | 가한 |
| Hanja: | 可汗 |
| Revised Romanization: | Gahan |
| McCune-Reischauer: | Kahan |
| Uyghur | |
| Uyghur | قاغان |
| Uyghur latin | Qaghan |
It may also be translated as "Khan of Khans", equivalent to King of Kings. In Bulgarian, the title became known as Khan, while in modern Turkic, the title became Khaan with the g sound becoming almost silent or non-existent; the ğ in modern Turkish Kağan is also silent. Since the division of the Mongol Empire, monarchs of the Yuan dynasty and the Northern Yuan held the title of Khagan. Kağan, Hakan and Kaan, Turkish equivalents of the title are common Turkish names in Turkey.
The common western rendering as Great Khan (or Grand Khan), notably in the case of the Mongol Empire, is a translation of Yekhe Khagan (Great Emperor or Их Хаан).