Junípero Serra
Saint Junípero Serra Ferrer O.F.M. (/huːˈniːpəroʊ ˈsɛrə/; Spanish: [xuˈnipeɾo ˈsera]; November 24, 1713 – August 28, 1784), popularly known simply as Junipero Serra, was a Spanish Catholic priest and missionary of the Franciscan Order. He is credited with establishing the Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. He founded a mission in Baja California and established eight of the 21 Spanish missions in California from San Diego to San Francisco, in what was then Spanish-occupied Alta California in the Province of Las Californias, New Spain.
Saint Junípero Serra O.F.M. | |
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A portrait of Serra | |
| Apostle of California | |
| Born | Miguel José Serra Ferrer November 24, 1713 Petra, Majorca, Spain |
| Died | August 28, 1784 (aged 70) Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo, Las Californias, New Spain, Spanish Empire |
| Beatified | September 25, 1988, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope John Paul II |
| Canonized | September 23, 2015, Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Francis |
| Major shrine | Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo, Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, United States |
| Feast | August 28; July 1 in United States |
| Attributes | Franciscan habit, wearing a large crucifix, or holding a crucifix accompanied by a young Native American boy |
| Patronage |
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Serra was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 25 September 1988 in Vatican City. Amid denunciations from Native American tribes who accused Serra of presiding over a brutal colonial subjugation, Pope Francis canonized Serra on 23 September 2015 at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., during his first visit to the United States. Serra's missionary efforts earned him the title of "Apostle of California".
Both before and after his canonization, Serra's reputation and missionary work during the Spanish occupation have been condemned by critics, who cite alleged mandatory conversions to Catholicism, followed by abuse of the Native American converts.