Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
The golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, which coincided with the Middle Ages in Europe, was a period of Muslim rule during which, intermittently, Jews were generally accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life flourished.
| History of Al-Andalus |
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Muslim conquest (711–732) |
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Umayyad dynasty of Córdoba (756–1031) |
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First Taifa period (1009–1110) |
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Almoravid rule (1085–1145) |
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Second Taifa period (1140–1203) |
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Almohad rule (1147–1238) |
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Third Taifa period (1232–1287) |
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Emirate of Granada (1232–1492) |
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| Jews and Judaism |
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The nature and length of this "Golden Age" has been debated, as there were at least three periods during which non-Muslims were oppressed. A few scholars give the start of the Golden Age as 711–718, the Muslim conquest of Iberia. Others date it from 912, during the rule of Abd al-Rahman III. The end of the age is variously given as 1031, when the Caliphate of Córdoba ended; 1066, the date of the Granada massacre; 1090, when the Almoravids invaded; or the mid-12th century, when the Almohads invaded.