In re Summers
In re Summers, 325 U.S. 561 (1945), is a 5-to-4 ruling by the United States Supreme Court which held that the First and Fourteenth amendment freedoms of a conscientious objector were not infringed when a state bar association declined to admit him to the practice of law. The Illinois Constitution required citizens to serve in the state militia in time of war, and all lawyers admitted to the bar were required to uphold the state constitution. Petitioner Clyde Summers could not uphold that constitutional requirement due to his religious beliefs, and the Supreme Court upheld the denial of his license of practice.
| In re Summers | |
|---|---|
Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued April 27, 30, 1945 Decided June 11, 1945 | |
| Full case name | In re Clyde Wilson Summers |
| Citations | 325 U.S. 561 (more) 65 S. Ct. 1307; 89 L. Ed. 1795 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | On appeal from the Supreme Court of Illinois |
| Holding | |
| Denial of admission to Illinois bar on grounds of conscientious objector status does not violate the First or Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. | |
| Court membership | |
| |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Reed, joined by Stone, Roberts, Frankfurter, Jackson |
| Dissent | Black, joined by Douglas, Murphy, Rutledge |
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