Glutamine synthetase
Glutamine synthetase (GS) (EC 6.3.1.2) is an enzyme that plays an essential role in the metabolism of nitrogen by catalyzing the condensation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine:
| glutamate—ammonia ligase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active site between two monomers of glutamine synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium. Cation binding sites are yellow and orange; ADP is pink; phosphinothricin is blue. | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 6.3.1.2 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 9023-70-5 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
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| Glutamine synthetase, beta-Grasp domain | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||||
| Symbol | Gln-synt_N | ||||||||||
| Pfam | PF03951 | ||||||||||
| InterPro | IPR008147 | ||||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC00162 | ||||||||||
| SCOP2 | 2gls / SCOPe / SUPFAM | ||||||||||
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| Glutamine synthetase, catalytic domain | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12-subunit enzyme glutamine synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium. | |||||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||||
| Symbol | Gln-synt_C | ||||||||||
| Pfam | PF00120 | ||||||||||
| Pfam clan | CL0286 | ||||||||||
| InterPro | IPR008146 | ||||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC00162 | ||||||||||
| SCOP2 | 2gls / SCOPe / SUPFAM | ||||||||||
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| glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||
| Symbol | GLUL | ||||||
| Alt. symbols | GLNS | ||||||
| NCBI gene | 2752 | ||||||
| HGNC | 4341 | ||||||
| OMIM | 138290 | ||||||
| PDB | 2qc8 | ||||||
| RefSeq | NM_002065 | ||||||
| UniProt | P15104 | ||||||
| Other data | |||||||
| EC number | 6.3.1.2 | ||||||
| Locus | Chr. 1 q31 | ||||||
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Glutamate + ATP + NH3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate
Glutamine synthetase uses ammonia produced by nitrate reduction, amino acid degradation, and photorespiration. The amide group of glutamate is a nitrogen source for the synthesis of glutamine pathway metabolites.
Other reactions may take place via GS. Competition between ammonium ion and water, their binding affinities, and the concentration of ammonium ion, influences glutamine synthesis and glutamine hydrolysis. Glutamine is formed if an ammonium ion attacks the acyl-phosphate intermediate, while glutamate is remade if water attacks the intermediate. Ammonium ion binds more strongly than water to GS due to electrostatic forces between a cation and a negatively charged pocket. Another possible reaction is upon NH2OH binding to GS, rather than NH4+, yields γ-glutamylhydroxamate.