Ghrelin

GHRL
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1P7X,%%s2JSH, 2JSI, 2JSJ
Identifiers
Aliases	GHRL, ghrelin, Ghrelin, ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide, MTLRP
External IDs	OMIM: 605353 MGI: 1930008 HomoloGene: 9487 GeneCards: GHRL
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 3 (human)
End	10,292,947 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 6 (mouse)
End	113,696,841 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	cardia; ; body of stomach; ; pancreatic epithelial cell; ; fundus; ; bone marrow cells; ; pancreatic ductal cell; ; islet of Langerhans; ; duodenum; ; blood; ; sural nerve;
	Top expressed in
	epithelium of stomach; ; pyloric antrum; ; mucous cell of stomach; ; duodenum; ; spermatid; ; spermatocyte; ; superior frontal gyrus; ; lip; ; jejunum; ; yolk sac;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	protein tyrosine kinase activator activity; hormone activity; protein binding; ghrelin receptor binding; G protein-coupled receptor binding; growth hormone-releasing hormone activity;
Cellular component	postsynapse; cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum lumen; extracellular region; axon; secretory granule lumen; extracellular space; Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse; glutamatergic synapse;
Biological process	positive regulation of appetite; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of cortisol secretion; positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway; negative regulation of insulin secretion; gastric acid secretion; positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration; dendrite development; regulation of response to food; negative regulation of apoptotic process; positive regulation of corticotropin secretion; negative regulation of locomotion; cortisol secretion; response to estrogen; negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep; cartilage development; decidualization; regulation of cell population proliferation; growth hormone secretion; positive regulation of growth hormone secretion; excitatory postsynaptic potential; hormone-mediated signaling pathway; glucose metabolic process; positive regulation of multicellular organism growth; negative regulation of angiogenesis; response to hormone; actin polymerization or depolymerization; positive regulation of response to food; negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep; negative regulation of inflammatory response; positive regulation of insulin secretion; positive regulation of synapse assembly; positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity; adult feeding behavior; response to nutrient levels; positive regulation of eating behavior; positive regulation of adipose tissue development; negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production; gastric emptying; positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus; positive regulation of growth; response to electrical stimulus; regulation of transmission of nerve impulse; positive regulation of bone development; positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis; positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction; positive regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction; regulation of gastric motility; positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation; positive regulation of growth rate; positive regulation of small intestinal transit; positive regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation; positive regulation of feeding behavior; regulation of signaling receptor activity; energy homeostasis; postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission; regulation of postsynapse organization; positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	51738
	58991
	ENSG00000157017
	ENSMUSG00000064177
	Q9UBU3
	Q9EQX0
NM_001134941; NM_001134944; NM_001134945; NM_001134946; NM_001302821;
	NM_001302822; NM_001302823; NM_001302824; NM_001302825; NM_016362
	NM_021488; NM_001286404; NM_001286405; NM_001286406; NM_001379129
NP_001128413; NP_001128416; NP_001128417; NP_001128418; NP_001289750;
	NP_001289751; NP_001289752; NP_001289753; NP_001289754; NP_057446; NP_001128413; NP_001128416; NP_001128417; NP_001128418; NP_001289750; NP_001289751; NP_001289752; NP_001289753; NP_001289754; NP_057446
	NP_001273333; NP_001273334; NP_001273335; NP_067463; NP_001366058
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Ghrelin (/ˈɡrɛlɪn/; or lenomorelin, INN) is a hormone primarily produced by enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach, and is often called a "hunger hormone" because it increases the drive to eat. Blood levels of ghrelin are highest before meals when hungry, returning to lower levels after mealtimes. Ghrelin may help prepare for food intake by increasing gastric motility and stimulating the secretion of gastric acid.

Ghrelin activates cells in the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, including neuropeptide Y neurons that initiate appetite. Ghrelin stimulates brain structures having a specific receptor – the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1A (GHSR-1A). Ghrelin also participates in regulation of reward cognition, learning and memory, the sleep-wake cycle, taste sensation, reward behavior, and glucose metabolism.

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