French submarine Fresnel (Q143)

*Fresnel*
	Fresnel's sister ship Ajax in 1930.
History
France
Name	Fresnel
Namesake	Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827), French civil engineer and physicist
Operator	French Navy
Builder	Ateliers et Chantiers de Saint-Nazaire Penhoët, Saint-Nazaire, France
Laid down	7 July 1927
Launched	8 June 1929
Commissioned	22 February 1932
Homeport	Brest, France
Fate	Scuttled 27 November 1942; Seized by Italy;
Italy
Acquired	On or after 27 November 1942
Fate	Refloated 28 January 1943; Sunk 19 February 1944; Refloated 4 May 1943; Seized by Germany 9 September 1943;
Nazi Germany
Acquired	9 September 1943
Fate	Sunk 11 March 1944
General characteristics
Class and type	Redoutable-class submarine
Displacement	1,572 tonnes (1,547 long tons) (surfaced); 2,092 tonnes (2,059 long tons) (submerged);
Length	92.3 m (302 ft 10 in)
Beam	8.1 m (26 ft 7 in)
Draft	4.4 m (14 ft 5 in) (surfaced)
Propulsion	2 × diesel engines, 6,000 hp (4,474 kW); 2 × electric motors, 2,250 hp (1,678 kW);
Speed	17.5 kn (32.4 km/h; 20.1 mph) (surfaced); 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph) (submerged);
Range	14,000 nmi (26,000 km; 16,000 mi) at 7 kn (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) (surfaced); 10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph) (surfaced); 4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi) at 17 kn (31 km/h; 20 mph) (surfaced); 90 nmi (170 km; 100 mi) at 7 kn (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) (submerged);
Test depth	80 m (262 ft)
Complement	5 officers (6 in operations); 66 men;
Armament	11 torpedo tubes; 1 × 100 mm (3.9 in) gun; 1 × 13.2 mm (0.5 in) machine gun;

Fresnel was a French Navy Redoutable-class submarine of the M6 series commissioned in 1932. She participated in World War II, first on the side of the Allies from 1939 to June 1940, then in the navy of Vichy France until she was scuttled at Toulon in November 1942. She was never again seaworthy, but the Italians seized her and refloated her, and the Germans later took control of her. She was sunk in March 1944.

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