French protectorate in Morocco
The French protectorate in Morocco, also known as French Morocco, was the period of French colonial rule in Morocco that lasted from 1912 to 1956. The protectorate was officially established 30 March 1912, when Sultan Abd al-Hafid signed the Treaty of Fez, though the French military occupation of Morocco had begun with the invasion of Oujda and the bombardment of Casablanca in 1907.
French protectorate in Morocco | |||||||||
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| 1912–1956 | |||||||||
| Anthem: | |||||||||
The French conquest of Morocco, c. 1907–1927 | |||||||||
| Status | Protectorate of France | ||||||||
| Capital | Rabat | ||||||||
| Official languages | French | ||||||||
| Common languages |
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| Religion | Sunni Islam Judaism Roman Catholicism | ||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy (under colonial administration) | ||||||||
| Sultan | |||||||||
• 1912–1927 | Yusef | ||||||||
• 1927–1953 | Mohammed V | ||||||||
• 1953–1955 | Mohammed VI | ||||||||
• 1955–1956 | Mohammed V | ||||||||
| Resident-General | |||||||||
• 1912–1925 (first) | Hubert Lyautey | ||||||||
• 1955–1956 (last) | André Louis Dubois | ||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
• Treaty of Fes | 30 March 1912 | ||||||||
• Independence | 7 April 1956 | ||||||||
| Currency | Moroccan rial (1912–1921) Moroccan franc (1921–1956) French franc (de facto official) | ||||||||
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The French protectorate lasted until the dissolution of the Treaty of Fez on 2 March 1956, with the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration. Morocco's independence movement, described in Moroccan historiography as the Revolution of the King and the People, restored the exiled Mohammed V but it did not end the French presence in Morocco. France preserved its influence in the country, including a right to station French troops and to have a say in Morocco's foreign policy. French settlers also maintained their rights and property.
While the agreements with France had provided for interdependent foreign relations, Franco-Moroccan relations quickly worsened following Mohammed V's outspoken support for Algerian independence including at the United Nations. The number of French settlers declined constantly, especially after their agricultural holdings were nationalized. Relations with France were to improve once the last French troops finally left Morocco in November 1961.
The French protectorate shared territory with the Spanish protectorate, which was established and dissolved in the same years; its borders consisted of the area of Morocco between the Corridor of Taza and the Draa River, including sparse tribal lands. The official capital was Rabat.