Five Barbarians
The Five Barbarians, or Wu Hu (Chinese: 五胡; pinyin: Wǔ Hú), is a Chinese historical exonym for five ancient non-Han "Hu" peoples who immigrated to northern China in the Eastern Han dynasty, and then overthrew the Western Jin dynasty and established their own kingdoms in the 4th–5th centuries. The peoples categorized as the Five Barbarians were:
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Of these five tribal ethnic groups, the Xiongnu and Xianbei were nomadic peoples from the northern steppes. The ethnic identity of the Xiongnu is uncertain, but the Xianbei appear to have been Mongolic. The Jie, another pastoral people, may have been a branch of the Xiongnu, who may have been Yeniseian or Iranian. The Di and Qiang were from the highlands of western China. The Qiang were predominantly herdsmen and spoke Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) languages, while the Di were farmers who may have spoken a Sino-Tibetan or Turkic language.
The term "Five Barbarians" is generally used to refer to the non-Han ethnic groups during the Sixteen Kingdoms, despite the fact that other groups like the Dingling and Wuhuan also existed alongside the five during the period. The term is not entirely accurate even when only considering the ruling clans of the Sixteen Kingdoms, as the Li clan of Cheng-Han were specifically of Ba-Di ethnicity, while the Juqu clan of Northern Liang, though often classed as Xiongnu, were Lushuihu people.