Dilated cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and cannot pump blood effectively. Symptoms vary from none to feeling tired, leg swelling, and shortness of breath. It may also result in chest pain or fainting. Complications can include heart failure, heart valve disease, or an irregular heartbeat.
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Congestive cardiomyopathy, idiopathic cardiomyopathy, primary cardiomyopathy |
| Mouse heart slice showing dilated cardiomyopathy | |
| Specialty | Cardiology |
| Symptoms | Feeling tired, leg swelling, shortness of breath, chest pain, fainting |
| Complications | Heart failure, heart valve disease, irregular heartbeat |
| Usual onset | Middle age |
| Types | Tachycardia-induced, others |
| Causes | Genetics, alcohol, cocaine, certain toxins, complications of pregnancy, in many cases the cause remains unclear, certain infections |
| Diagnostic method | Supported by electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, echocardiogram |
| Differential diagnosis | Coronary artery disease, heart valve disease, pulmonary embolism, other cardiomyopathy |
| Treatment | Lifestyle changes, medications, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), heart transplant |
| Medication | ACE inhibitor, beta blocker, diuretic, blood thinners |
| Prognosis | Five-year survival rate ~50% |
| Frequency | 1 in 2500 |
Causes include genetics, alcohol, cocaine, certain toxins, complications of pregnancy, and certain infections. Coronary artery disease and high blood pressure may play a role, but are not the primary cause. In many cases the cause remains unclear. It is a type of cardiomyopathy, a group of diseases that primarily affects the heart muscle. The diagnosis may be supported by an electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, or echocardiogram.
In those with heart failure, treatment may include medications in the ACE inhibitor, beta blocker, and diuretic families. A low salt diet may also be helpful. In those with certain types of irregular heartbeat, blood thinners or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator may be recommended. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be necessary. If other measures are not effective a heart transplant may be an option in some.
About 1 per 2,500 people is affected. It occurs more frequently in men than women. Onset is most often in middle age. Five-year survival rate is about 50%. It can also occur in children and is the most common type of cardiomyopathy in this age group.