Diaphragm (birth control)
The diaphragm is a barrier method of birth control. It is moderately effective, with a one-year failure rate of around 12% with typical use. It is placed over the cervix with spermicide before sex and left in place for at least six hours after sex. Fitting by a healthcare provider is generally required.
| Diaphragm | |
|---|---|
An arcing spring diaphragm in its case, with a quarter added for scale. | |
| Background | |
| Type | Barrier |
| First use | 1880s |
| Failure rates (first year with spermicide) | |
| Perfect use | 6% |
| Typical use | 12% |
| Usage | |
| Reversibility | Immediate |
| User reminders | Inserted before sex with spermicide. Left in place for 6–8 hours afterwards |
| Clinic review | For size fitting and prescribing in some countries |
| Advantages and disadvantages | |
| STI protection | Possible |
| Periods | Catches menstrual flow |
| Benefits | May be reused 1 to 3 years |
| Risks | Urinary tract infection, toxic shock syndrome (rare) |
Side effects are usually very few. Use may increase the risk of bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infections. If left in the vagina for more than 24 hours toxic shock syndrome may occur. While use may decrease the risk of sexually transmitted infections, it is not very effective at doing so. There are a number of types of diaphragms with different rim and spring designs. They may be made from latex, silicone, or natural rubber. They work by blocking access to and holding spermicide near the cervix.
The diaphragm came into use around 1882. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.