Charles the Bold

Charles Martin (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477) called The Bold, was the last Duke of Burgundy from the Burgundian cadet branch of House of Valois from 1467 to 1477. He was the only legitimate son of Philip the Good and his third wife, Isabella of Portugal. Appointed as the Count of Charolais upon his birth, Charles vied for power and influence even before succeeding his father. He had a deep rooted rivalry with Louis XI, the King of France, which was the cause to many disputes and events during his life, starting with the War of the Public Weal, a revolt of French vassals under the leadership of Charles.

After ascension to the Duchy of Burgundy in 1467, Charles began pursuing his ambitions: independence from France and forging a kingdom from the North Sea in the north to the borders of Savoy in the south. To this end, he took many actions and through his risky and aggressive foreign policy, became an enemy to all of his neighbouring nations. He addedGuelders and Upper Alsace into his realm, and strengthened his rule over Liége by brutally crushing their rebellion. Charles forged many alliances, marrying Edward IV's sister, Margaret of York for an English alliance and arranging the betrothal between his sole child, Mary, with Maximilian, the son of the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick III.

As a patron of arts, he supported the production of illuminated manuscripts and music, himself being a composer and valid musician. His court was famously seen as a centre of arts, chivalry and etiquette and would keep this reputation even after his death. He was obsessed with order and regulation and wrote many ordinances throughout his rule, dictating military matters, legislations, and diplomacy to the smallest of detail. A religious person, his patron saint was Saint George and he was asked constantly by the Pope and the Venetians to undertake a crusade against the Ottoman Turks.

Towards the end of his life, Charles became engaged in a multinational conflict called the Burgundian War (1474-1477), during which, he tried to protect his rights over Upper Alsace and also annex lands belonging to the Swiss Confederacy. After his unsuccessful siege upon Neuss, he confronted the Swiss in the battles of Grandson and Morat, all of which ended with his defeat. At last, he was killed at the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477, fighting against René II of Lorraine and his Swiss army. His death brought an end to the prestigious Burgundian state, and his dynasty would end a generation later when his daughter, Mary of Burgundy died and was succeeded by her son, Philip of Austria.