Grand chancellor (China)
The grand chancellor (Chinese: 宰相; pinyin: Zǎixiàng, among other titles), also translated as counselor-in-chief, chancellor, chief councillor, chief minister, imperial chancellor, lieutenant chancellor and prime minister, was the highest-ranking executive official in the imperial Chinese government. The term was known by many different names throughout Chinese history, and the exact extent of the powers associated with the position fluctuated greatly, even during a particular dynasty.
| Grand chancellor | |||||||||
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| Chinese | 宰相 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | overseeing minister | ||||||||
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| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||
| Chinese | 丞相 | ||||||||
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| Second alternative Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 相國 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 相国 | ||||||||
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| Third alternative Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 宰輔 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 宰辅 | ||||||||
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| Fourth alternative Chinese name | |||||||||
| Chinese | 宰衡 | ||||||||
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| Fifth alternative Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 內閣總理大臣 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 内阁总理大臣 | ||||||||
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Professor Zhu Zongbin of Peking University outlined the role of "grand chancellor" as one with the power to oversee all jurisdictional matters, the right to decide and to draft edicts with other ministers, and the position of chief advisor to the emperor. This extended even to the ability to criticize the emperor's edicts and decisions. Thus, the grand chancellor served as the emperor's chief of staff and main political advisor, often exercising power second only to the emperor. In practice, the grand chancellor was often a trusted executive aide to the emperor, but during political turmoil or power struggles between the two roles the grand chancellor could also be the emperor's primary political competitor and opponent.
This balance of power means that the relation between grand chancellor (and the scholar-officials they represent) and emperor holds great significance in the Confucian thought of governance and the relation of "lord and subject" (君臣).
"Grand chancellor" can denote several positions. During the Six Dynasties period, the term denoted a number of power-holders serving as chief administrators, including zhongshun jian (Inspector General of the Secretariat), zhongshu ling (President of the Secretariat), shizhong (Palace Attendant), shangshu ling and puye (president and vice-president of the Department of State Affairs).