CNKI

CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure; Chinese: 中国知网) is a private-owned publishing company in China since 2014. It operates databases of academic journals, conference proceedings, newspapers, reference works, and patent documents.

CNKI maintains monopoly status on journal search and collection in China and charges high annual database subscription fees. Its subscription fee raises every year. Multiple Chinese universities and research institutions, including the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Peking University, stopped subscribing to CNKI. CNKI was fined RMB 87.6 million for monopoly by the State Administration for Market Regulation in 2022, and fined RMB 50 million for illegal gathering of personal information by the Cyberspace Administration of China in 2023.