Biuret test
In chemistry, the Biuret test (IPA: /ˌbaɪjəˈrɛt/, /ˈbaɪjəˌrɛt/), also known as Piotrowski's test, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of at least two peptide bonds in a molecule. In the presence of peptides, a copper(II) ion forms mauve-colored coordination complexes in an alkaline solution. The reaction was first observed in 1833; In Poland, the biuret test is also known as Piotrowski's test in honor of the Polish physiologist Gustaw Piotrowski who independently rediscovered it in 1857. Several variants on the test have been developed, such as the BCA test and the Modified Lowry test.
The biuret reaction can be used to assess the concentration of proteins because peptide bonds occur with the same frequency per amino acid in the peptide. The intensity of the color, and hence the absorption at 540 nm, is directly proportional to the protein concentration, according to the Beer–Lambert law.
Despite its name, the reagent does not in fact contain biuret [(H2N−CO−)2NH]. The test is named so because it also gives a positive reaction to the peptide-like bonds in the biuret molecule.
In this assay, the copper(II) binds with nitrogen atoms present in the peptides of proteins. In a secondary reaction, the copper(II) is reduced to copper(I). Buffers, such as Tris and ammonia interfere with this assay, therefore rendering this assay inappropriate for protein samples purified from ammonium sulfate precipitation. Due to its insensitivity and little interference by free amino acids, this assay is most useful for whole tissue samples and other sources with high protein concentration.