Aciclovir
Aciclovir, also known as acyclovir, is an antiviral medication. It is primarily used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, chickenpox, and shingles. Other uses include prevention of cytomegalovirus infections following transplant and severe complications of Epstein–Barr virus infection. It can be taken by mouth, applied as a cream, or injected.
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| Pronunciation | /eɪˈsaɪkloʊvɪər/ |
| Trade names | Zovirax, others |
| Other names | Acycloguanosine, acyclovir (BAN UK), acyclovir (USAN US) |
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| MedlinePlus | a681045 |
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| Routes of administration | Intravenous, by mouth, topical, eye ointment |
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| Bioavailability | 15–20% (by mouth) |
| Protein binding | 9–33% |
| Metabolism | Liver |
| Elimination half-life | 2–4 hours |
| Excretion | Kidney (62–90% as unchanged drug) |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.056.059 |
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| Formula | C8H11N5O3 |
| Molar mass | 225.208 g·mol−1 |
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| Melting point | 256.5 °C (493.7 °F) |
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Common side effects include nausea and diarrhea. Potentially serious side effects include kidney problems and low platelets. Greater care is recommended in those with poor liver or kidney function. It is generally considered safe for use in pregnancy with no harm having been observed. It appears to be safe during breastfeeding. Aciclovir is a nucleoside analogue that mimics guanosine. It works by decreasing the production of the virus's DNA.
Aciclovir was patented in 1974 by Burroughs Wellcome, and approved for medical use in 1981. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication and is marketed under many brand names worldwide. In 2021, it was the 169th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3 million prescriptions.