1999 East Timorese crisis

1999 East Timorese crisis
	Part of the Decolonisation of Asia and the Fall of Suharto
	; Destroyed houses in Dili
Date	April 1999 – 2002
Location	East Timor
Result	East Timorese tactical victory Defeat of pro-Indonesian militia; Stabilisation of East Timor; East Timorese independence referendum; US embargo of military sales to Indonesia from 9 September 1999 to 22 November 2005; UK embargo of military sales to Indonesia from 11 September 1999 to 11 April 2012; Australia embargo military sales to Indonesia September 1999; European Union (EU) embargo military sales to Indonesia 16 September 1999 – 17 January 2000; Pro-Indonesia militia strategic victory 80% of East Timor's infrastructure destroyed by Scorched Earth Operation; Indonesia retains strong influence in East Timor;
Belligerents
East Timor; INTERFET; UNTAET; UNMISET Full list: Australia – 5,000 ; New Zealand – 1,250 ; Thailand – 1,600 ; Argentina ; Austria ; Bangladesh ; Benin ; Bolivia ; Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Brazil ; Bulgaria ; Canada ; Chile ; China ; Croatia ; Denmark ; Egypt ; Fiji ; France ; Gambia ; Germany ; Ghana ; Israel ; Ireland ; Italy ; Japan ; Jordan ; Kenya ; Malaysia ; Mexico ; Mozambique ; Namibia ; Nepal ; Niger ; Nigeria ; Norway ; Pakistan ; Peru ; Philippines ; Portugal ; Russia ; Samoa ; Senegal ; Serbia and Montenegro ; Singapore ; Slovakia ; Slovenia ; Spain ; South Korea ; Sri Lanka ; Sweden ; Tajikistan ; Turkey ; Ukraine ; Uruguay ; United Kingdom ; United States ; Vanuatu ; Zambia ; Zimbabwe ;	Pro-Indonesia militias Aitarak; Besi Merah Putih; Laksaur; Mahidi;
Commanders and leaders
John Howard; Peter Cosgrove; Jenny Shipley; Helen Clark; Carey Adamson; Sérgio Vieira de Mello; Brig. Gen. Paulo Pereira Guerreiro †;	Wiranto; Eurico Guterres
Strength
11,000 military and police	13,000 militias
Casualties and losses
East Timor – 16 killed (UN local staff); Australia – 2 killed by accident; New Zealand – 5 killed (4 by accident); Thailand – 2 killed; Tajikistan – 1 killed; Bangladesh –1 killed and 1 wounded by IED; Fiji –3 killed and 11 wounded; Brazil – 1 killed; Germany – 1 killed; Ghana – 1 killed by disease; Indonesia – 2 killed (UN local staff); Ireland – 2 killed; Malaysia – 3 killed; Nepal – 1 killed and 3 wounded; Philippines – 4 killed and 4 wounded ; Portugal – 4 killed and 9 wounded; Russia – 5 killed and 1 missing by accident; South Korea – 4 killed and 1 missing by accident; Spain – 1 killed; United States – 1 wounded; Total: 65 killed; 49 UN staff and NGOs captured later released;	15–19 killed; 301+ captured;
	1,400 civilians killed; 220,000+ refugees; 3 UNHCR staff killed; 2 journalists killed; 1 Indonesian soldier killed; 1 Indonesian police officer killed

The 1999 East Timorese crisis began with attacks by pro-Indonesia militia groups on civilians, and expanded to general violence throughout the country, centred in the capital Dili. The violence intensified after a majority of eligible East Timorese voters voted for independence from Indonesia. Some 1,400 civilians are believed to have died. A UN-authorized force (INTERFET) consisting mainly of Australian Defence Force personnel was deployed to East Timor to establish and maintain peace.

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